Covering Trump--and holding him accountable
Our current presidential campaign is providing a laboratory for studying how media cover a candidate who uses inflammatory language and demagoguery. Interestingly, the candidate in question is not dissimilar to candidates I’ve seen in East Africa who rely more on bombast and emotion than logic.

Of course, I’m referring to Donald Trump, who has provided a grateful American media a steady stream of newsworthy, ratings-fueling statements about his opponents, Mexican immigrants, and Syrian refugees.

Given the divisiveness of his statements and his bombast, how should media covered Trump? One piece of advice comes from The Washington Post's senior politics editor, Steven Ginsberg, who says his paper will continue to cover Trump the way it covers all major candidates. "We should be diligent about [holding them] accountable for what they say," said Ginsberg, who interviewed Trump for the Post. "If it's illegal, we should say so. If it's unconstitutional we should say so. If it's un-American, we should say that too…" But Ginsberg cautions that journalists should weigh carefully what they seek to accomplish, asking whether they want to serve as watchdogs or to knock a candidate, in this case Trump, out of the race.” (NPR, Dec. 11, 2015).

Other journalists like Ryan Grim, Washington bureau chief of the Huffington Post, take a more aggressive view regarding Trump. "We have a certain obligation," Grim says. "When we see a strain of hate- and fear-mongering rising to a certain level, the press does have an obligation to try to call that out and point out what it is that's happening…The idea that you would block all Muslims — including American citizens — from coming into the United States is not just absurd, it's not just unconstitutional. It's evil, and it's fascist. And it's OK to go ahead and say that, and in fact, media organizations ought to." (NPR, December 14, 2015).

Like journalists in the developing world covering their own bombastic politicians, American political reporters would do well to utilize the points articulated in the “Connecting Peace and Electoral Journalism” checklist which I’ve distributed to journalists worldwide. Especially important are those items admonishing reporters against inflammatory, divisive, or violent statements by candidates;  airing comments and reports that encourage divisions within society; and letting candidates “get away” with using imprecise, emotive language, including  name calling.  Instead, peace journalists would hold candidates accountable for what they say, and offer dispassionate, critical analysis of comments and policy positions. 

Similar ethical principles are reflected in a piece published by the University of Wisconsin’s Center for Journalism Ethics about strategies for covering Donald Trump. Their advice includes offering side-by-side comparisons of the candidates’ positions and experience; (mostly) ignoring the outrageous; and asking “why” and “how” questions of all candidates. “Saying that ‘I will build a wall and make Mexico pay for it’ is not a plan. Asking Trump why the nation needs a wall, why the wall would stop the problem he articulates and how he intends to get Mexico to build it is important…Getting Trump to explain how he will get some of his difficult to implement ideas, such as rounding up 11 million people who are illegally in the United States and returning them to their country of origin, through the U.S. Congress is a required task for all campaign reporters.” (Center for Journalism Ethics, November 20, 2015).

Journalists should report about Trump, Hillary, and rest in a way that holds them accountable for their statements and policies, while simultaneously turns down the rhetorical, partisan heat.

Turkish media practice war journalism

 Peace journalism was originally conceived as a response to war journalism, which was defined as reporting that romanticizes and sanitizes war and violence, stoking “us vs. them” hatreds, while presenting violence (war) as the only or best option.

Such war reporting can be seen in the Turkish media the day after a Turkish jet downed a Russian war plane.

One newspaper, Yeni Safak, has a large flaming picture of the Russian jet with the headline, “We warn, we shoot.”  In Milliyet newspaper, the same flaming plane framed a map and included a large headline (as best as I can figure using a clunky translation program) indicating a punch or bruise inflicted after a warning (uradri, in Turkish).  Other papers, according to the Turkish Press Review (http://en.haberler.com/turkish-press-review-846419/) also emphasized the warning given the Russian pilot. Vatan newspaper’s headline said, “We made 10 warnings.” Similar headlines stated that "Russia has crossed the line" (Star newspaper)  and that Turkey had reached its "Limit of patience" (Haber Turk newspaper). 

The heavy emphasis on the warnings, and the limits of patience, echo the official line coming from Turkish President Erdogan’s office. Indeed, this framing sounds almost defensive—we didn’t want to do this, but were left with no choice. 

As for the photos of the flaming Russian plane, this also seems to be a picture that official Turkey would want published and re-published: an image depicting the might of Turkish armed forces and the consequences of violating Turkish air space.

My colleague Dr. Metin Ersoy, a communications professor from Eastern Mediterranean University in Turkish North Cyprus, is also studying news coverage of the incident. He writes, “Actually I am collecting the front pages of Turkish newspapers. It seems that majority of news coverage is supporting Turkish government side and just war oriented frames have been used. (Only a) minority of them just criticized the government… They have used conflict frames in order to legitimize and show violence as a best option of this problem.”

A peace journalist would indeed publish the official line, understanding that it is propaganda. However, she would take a further step, and offer a critique of these military actions, give a voice to those who oppose or criticize it, and provide context and analysis. (The best analysis I’ve seen thus far includes the role that Russian bombing of Turkmen in northern Syria may have had on the decision to shoot at the Russians.) Finally, the peace journalism approach would reject the saber-rattling war frames that present violence (military confrontation) as the only, best response in this situation. Better journalism wouldn’t ignore the violent option, but would balance it with voices from those who advocate non-violent solutions.

Media weep for Paris; virtually ignore Lebanon

While the world followed every detail of the Paris attacks, wept along with Parisians, and changed their Facebook profile pictures to the French tricolor flag, a similar attack the day before in Beirut, Lebanon went virtually ignored by the Western media.

A Lexis-Nexis database search of newspapers coverage of both events is revealing.  A simple search for “Beirut” on Friday, Nov. 13 and Saturday, Nov. 14 (the two days following the bombing that killed 40 and injured more than 240) showed 262 hits. Meanwhile, a search of newspapers for “Paris” the two days (Nov. 14 and 15) following the attacks there generated more than 3,000 hits. (The search “maxed out” at 3000 hits). 

In terms of volume, there was at least 11 times the coverage of the Paris attacks than the Beirut bombing in Western media.

What this doesn’t take into account is the prominence of the coverage. An unscientific search of the Newseum’s front page database showed almost universal front-page, next-day coverage of the Paris attacks, at least in major daily newspapers. In an informal perusal of 50 front pages, only a handful of small town papers (“The Baxter Bulletin,” “The Harrison Daily Times”) did not have prominent, page-one coverage of the Paris bombing. A similar informal examination of day-after coverage of the Beirut bombing revealed no page one coverage that I could find, except an easily-missed one column inch teaser at the bottom of page one of the New York Times announcing that dozens were killed. 
 
The dearth of coverage was not missed by a dozen or so Lebanese Facebook friends whom I met while teaching peace journalism in Beirut. These Lebanese universally pointed out the incongruency between Paris and Beirut. One said succinctly that the lack of media attention sends is that “some lives matter more than others.” Another former Lebanese student, and current journalist, wrote that “the whole global expression of compassion (for Paris) is culturally constructed in a way which significantly guarantees the superiority of the more powerful France. Everything is there to remind us, citizens of the “3rd world”, that victims on the other side are more important than ours.” Several changed their Facebook profile photos so that they included an overlay of the Lebanese flag.
These sentiments were echoed in the New York Times. “’When my people died, no country bothered to light up its landmarks in the colors of their flag,’ Elie Fares, a Lebanese doctor, wrote on his blog. ‘When my people died, they did not send the world into mourning. Their death was but an irrelevant fleck along the international news cycle, something that happens in those parts of the world.’” (November 15, 2015).

Does the disparity in media coverage and world reaction reveal a disregard for people “in those parts of the world?” I’m never prone to believe broad media conspiracies, that there is some malevolent entity coordinating and controlling Western media coverage. No, rather than a larger agenda, I believe that the lack of coverage of the Beirut bombing simply reflects standard media narratives—a combination of habit and practice that is hard to break. So when violence happens in Beirut, which carries a violent narrative, journalism and the public see it as routine. And media don’t usually report the routine. Hence, the limited coverage.

More responsible journalism, and more realistic 21st-century journalism, must stop marginalizing events and people from “those parts of the world.” After all, the global ISIS threat sprang up in just such a part of the world, as did Al Qaeda. Regarding the Beirut bombing, better peace journalism would humanize the Lebanese victims, as media have done with the Paris victims, and explain the dire geopolitical ramifications of a de-stabilized Lebanon.

If an examination of media’s response to these twin tragedies teaches us anything, it’s that we as journalists should strive to legitimize all victims of terrorist attacks, regardless of where they live.

--A DIFFERENT TAKE is a Vox.com piece that says that even if media had covered Beirut, the story would have been ignored by readers. Interesting, though I don't think this absolves media from giving more balanced coverage. 
--ALSO SEE an interesting article from PRI about social media traffic and hashtag use about the Paris and Beirut incidents.

Slideshow: Life Goes On
In the photo slideshow linked here, I take a look at a typical day at a typical place, a grocery story, in an atypical locale, a refugee camp. See also a photo album from the Beydagi Refugee Camp.

Beydagi-extraordinarily ordinary
NEAR MALATYA, TURKEY—In this small town called Beydagi, population 8,000, there are lots of signs of what appears to be a normal life.

There’s a small graveyard here. Officials perform about 60-70 weddings every year. The local clothing shop has a good selection of satiny, fashionable wedding dresses. In fact, there’s a good selection of everything in the clothes store, especially children’s wear. 57% of Beydagi’s population is under 17, so this makes perfect sense. There are, of course, modern schools that employ more than 200 teachers at every grade level from pre-K to 12^th grade.

With new friends at Beydagi Camp

During our tour of the town, we spend probably 30 minutes poking around the Esenlik (“Health”) store. Again, the adjectives normal and typical spring to mind. The shelves are lined with everything a cook could need, from oils to dry goods to spices to fresh meat and produce, including the world’s most massive cabbages (2-3x as large as their puny American counterparts). Teenage boys scurried about cleaning every surface—floors, countertops, dairy cases.

Beydagi has a professional police and fire department, several Laundromats, a community  center with a computer lab and art studio. I didn’t see a street sweeper, but they must have one, since the paved roads are nearly spotless.

The residents go about their business just like their counterparts elsewhere.  The difference is that these everyday acts like shopping and sweeping and going to school are a form of defiance—a way of asserting control, in some small way, of a situation that long ago spun out of their control.

You see, Beydagi’s residents are Syrian refugees. And thus, their performance of these usually mundane acts, so far from home and in the midst of such hopelessness, is nothing short of remarkable. As a visitor, surrounded by this seeming normalcy, one might be forgiven if, for just a minute, you forget what these refugees have gone through, the losses they’ve incurred.

After seven hours at Beydagi, as our group of peace journalism workshop participants was preparing to leave, an elderly women in a burqa came up to our van and began chatting with us. As we were about to pull away, the woman said something that will probably always stick with me—a reminder, if one was needed, that all the good intentions that built and maintain this camp can’t change the awful truth of what has happened to these people. The woman said, “Inshallah (God willing), you will never see the things that we (Syrians) have seen.”

Inshallah indeed.

--COMING SOON--Photo albums and slideshows from Beydagi.--

Reporting Syrian Refugees: Offering counter-narratives
MALATYA, TURKEY--As we prepared today for tomorrow's visit to a nearby refugee camp, the participants in the "Reporting Syrian Refugees" peace journalism workshop analyzed current narratives about refugees, most of them negative, while formulating different approaches that they will be taking during their visit to the camp.

Among the most creative counter-narrative story ideas were stories about a special school for special needs children, good neighbor relations, a trade/craft school for women, spotlighting talented kids, a wedding inside the camp, and a positive story about the educational opportunities inside the camp's fences. All these ideas share in common the notion that they debunk media-perpetuated myths about refugees that portray them only as victims, criminals, uneducated, etc.

Vibrant presentations today included a presentation of a documentary about refugees by Yelda Yanat, reflections about refugees by Dr. Nilufer Pembecioglu, a slide show by professional photographer Akin Bodur (pictured), and a lively discussion about citizen journalism by Tulay Atay and Aynur Sarisakaloglu.

A photo album from the refugee camp will be linked here tomorrow, with a report from the camp to follow in the coming days.

Dr. Nilufer Pembecioglu, Univ of Istanbul

Reporting Syrian Refugees:
Words Matter
MALATYA, TURKEY--Should journalists here in central Turkey use phrases like "our Syrian brothers" or "our guests" to describe Syrian refugees? The use of such language, and whether it is considerate or condescending, was central to the discussion this morning at a peace journalism workshop being held here.

The workshop, "Reporting Syrian Refugees: Building Communities of Understanding," was held before a packed house of 50 journalists, students, and academics. It's being sponsored by the U.S. State Department, the University of Istanbul, and the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University.

Opening presentations included an overview of peace journalism, a look at narrative theory and militarism vs. anti-militarism in the media, and a fascinating study of Turkish media presented by an academic from a Malatya university. This study examined media coverage of refugees in the region, and found that it varied according to location. At Gaziantep, on the border, refugees were mostly presented negatively, while here in Malatya, the coverage is more neutral.

The afternoon of day one of the workshop concluded with the screening of a film, "The Children of War," as well as discussion of principles and challenges in reporting refugees.

Classroom sessions continue tomorrow, to be followed by a visit to a Syrian refugee camp on Wednesday.

--Click here to see photo album of day one of the conference, as well as the sights around Malatya (horse farm, Turkish Grand Canyon).

Coming Soon: Reporting Syrian Refugees in Malatya, Turkey
Do Turkish media responsibly cover Syrian refugees? Can the principles of peace journalism be applied to improve reporting about refugees, and to help build bridges with refugee host communities in east-central Turkey?

These vital questions will be on the agenda at a symposium next week in Malatya titled, "Reporting Syrian Refugees: Building Communities of Understanding." The symposium will feature both classroom interaction as well as a visit to a nearby refugee camp.

The event, sponsored by the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University and the University of Istanbul and funded by the U.S. Consulate in Istanbul, is the third part of a three part project. In Part I, reporters, students, and academics gathered in Adana, Turkey to discuss peace journalism and to visit refugee tent cities and camps. In Part II, Adana participants and other professional journalists, students, and academics traveled to Istanbul for a peace journalism summit.

Stay tuned to this space for regular updates in the coming weeks on the Malatya project.

Peacebuilding celebrated in Kansas City
We're doing more here in Kansas City than celebrating our WORLD CHAMPION KANSAS CITY ROYALS. (Sorry, the caps lock must be stuck). Last weekend, representatives from Park University and several other area educational institutions got together to discuss the role of education as an essential peacebuilding tool.

The two day event started with academic presentations on Friday at Park University. Presenters discussed peacebuilding vis-a-vis philosophy, education, and teaching empathy.

On Saturday at Johnson County Community College, Park students Taylor Miller and Michael Dean (pictured) informed the 100 or so gathered about a project titled, "Reporting Syrian Refugees: Building Communities of Understanding in Turkey." The keynote speaker was David Smith (see his excellent blog about the event). He discussed “Peacebuilding and Education:  A Critical Nexus to Ensuring 21st Century Prosperity, Engagement, and a Better World”. Attendees also heard a fascinating presentation via Skype from Jamil Simon (Spectrum Media-Boston) about his film, "Fragile Islands of Peace (in Burundi)." The event was adeptly emceed by Rockhurst University's Bill Kriege, who closed the festivities with a fascinating introspective exercise.

As peace journalists, we must recognize the value of getting together with like-minded individuals and organizations dedicated to peacebuilding, and seize opportunities to leverage our networking, logistical, and financial assets. I've usually found that peace journalism/peace media is an excellent complement to projects across a wide spectrum of peacebuilding endeavors, include those involving education, health care, women's rights, the environment, etc.

Study: Syrian refugee coverage surges, then plummets

An informal survey done by the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University underscores what researchers have been saying for years: that international coverage in American media is concentrated on only a handful of locales, and reflects the culture’s Eurocentrism. A case in point is the coverage of Syrian refugees. A revealing Lexis Nexis search shows that the issue was largely brushed aside until the “crisis” washed up on Europe’s shores.

The search of newspapers under “Syrian refugee crisis” picked up only 4 hits for the first week of April, 3 hits for the first week of May, four for the first week of June, and 17 for the first week of July. Then, coincidental to the uptick of refugees arriving in southern and southeastern Europe, newspaper coverage of the issue exploded. There were 320 hits under “Syrian refugee crisis” for Sept. 1-8, 608 hits from Sept. 9-16, and 492 hits for Sept. 17-30. This coverage tapered off to 345 newspaper hits for Oct. 1-15.

An in-depth analysis of these figures is needed. Several questions seem worth exploring. The first asks why the crisis got little coverage until Europe was faced with tens of thousands of refugees. The Middle East and Turkey have had a refugee crisis for years, but the study numbers would say that this had been little reported. 

The second question would explore the steep drop in refugee coverage between Sept. 1 and Oct. 15, from 608 to 492 to 345—a 70% drop over six weeks.  Can this decrease be attributed to media fatigue, the theory that news media have short attention spans and quickly lose interest in a story? In the Middle East Monitor, Henriette Johansen says, “Extreme donor and media ‘fatigue’ demands new ways to respond to and represent the growing refugee crisis.” The Monitor goes on to analyze how “media institutions and NGOs are faced with a growing de-sensitization regarding the Syrian revolution, which has turned into a vicious war…” (Oct. 2014). 

Peace journalism would look at the Lexis Nexis study and ask if there has been media fatigue, why? It certainly isn’t because there aren’t compelling stories to tell. Is there some market or audience research that shows that viewers and listeners are losing interest in Syrian refugees? If audiences have lost interest, it doesn’t mean that this stopped being an interesting or important story. No, it means the media haven’t done a good enough job of explaining and telling the story. If media can hit us day after day with Trump and with celebrity “news”, then surely they can put Syrian refugees on the radar, and keep them there.

As for the Eurocentric view of U.S. international coverage, peace journalists would instead seek broader, more consistent coverage that moves beyond a narrative that virtually limits coverage to a handful of Western European countries, Japan, Israel, and China. This narrative is fed by the (mis)perception that Americans don’t care about news from “other” regions. If audience surveys back this up, then again I’d blame the media, and media executives, for not doing a better job of explaining and “selling” important stories like the Syrian refugee crisis, regardless of where they occur.

Of course, even if we are able to get the consistently high levels of coverage that this story deserves, the second task is to improve the tone, content, and language used in these stories so that they more accurately portray the refugees and the situation without exacerbating tensions.